Objective Symphyta,as an ancestral and paraphyletic group,are mainly phytophagous lineages.In order to truly elucidate their natural history and the development trends,we need to cover more species,including the extinct and extant species.In general,fossils sometimes appear to be necessary since extinct species usually have the so-called transitional states,which play important roles in their early evolution.It is well known that the Early Cretaceous 

WANG MeiGAO TaipingSHIH ChungkunRASNITSYN P AlexanderREN Dong